CPCE exam, the comps for counseling students

A school reports each graduate's class rank (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so on). On which scale of measurement are these data?

1. Ordinal
   Ranks put graduates in order without showing how far apart they are, the defining property of ordinal data; medians and percentiles suit it, means do not.
2. Nominal
   Nominal data are unordered categories, such as a declared major; rank numbers carry order, so they are more than labels.
3. Interval
   Interval data need equal distances between points, as standard scores have; the gap between 1st and 2nd in class rank can differ greatly from the gap between 2nd and 3rd.

Which group variable has the most consistent research link to positive member outcomes?

1. Session length
   Session length is a scheduling choice set by setting and population; no comparable body of research links it to member outcomes.
2. Group cohesion
   Meta-analyses by Burlingame and colleagues tie members' sense of belonging and bond with the group to better outcomes across settings, making cohesion the group counterpart of the therapeutic alliance.
3. Leader's theoretical model
   Differences between leaders' theoretical models show small effects next to relationship factors; choosing the model reflects the common belief that technique matters more than the bond among members.

In hypothesis testing, what does statistical power represent?

1. The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis
   Power is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, 1 minus beta, that is, the chance of detecting an effect that really exists; .80 is the usual target, and power rises with sample size, alpha, and effect size.
2. The share of outcome variance the treatment explains
   Variance explained, such as r squared or eta squared, is an effect size; it is one input that determines power, not power itself.
3. The probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
   Rejecting a true null hypothesis is a Type I error, whose probability is alpha; swapping alpha for power is the classic mix-up of the four decision outcomes.

A White coworker tells a Latino counselor, 'I don't think of you as Latino; I just see you as a person.' In Sue's taxonomy, what is this?

1. Environmental microaggression
   Environmental microaggressions are carried by settings and systems, such as buildings named only for White men; this is an interpersonal remark, not a feature of the environment.
2. Microassault
   A microassault is a deliberate, explicit attack such as a slur; the coworker means the remark kindly, and that unintended quality separates it from a microassault.
3. Microinvalidation
   Color-blind remarks such as 'I just see you as a person' deny the relevance of a person's racial and ethnic experience, which Sue and colleagues classify as a microinvalidation.